JLPT list

The 1,640 JLPT N3 words

All the N3 vocabulary, grouped by word type, then from most to least common. Tap a kanji to open its page.

Nouns (1178)

WordReadingMeaning
にちday, Sunday (abbr.)
ものperson
ちゅうinside, middle, among
ときtime, hour, occasion
にほんjapan
thing, matter, fact
outflow, coming (going) out, graduate (of)
ぶんdividing, part, segment
えんcircle, money
afterwards, since then, in the future
afterwards, since then, in the future
せいnature, sex, gender
かんがえthinking, thought, ideas
うわupper, outer, surface
かみfirst volume, superior quality, governmental
かんじfeeling, sense, impression
かずnumber, figure
けんprefecture
いちmarket, fair
たびcounter for occurrences
counter for occurrences
じょうほうinformation, (military) intelligence
かいmeeting, assembly, party
かねgold, gold general (shogi) (abbr)
きんgold, gold general (shogi) (abbr)
space, room, time
にんげんhuman being, man, person
name, reputation
くらいgrade, rank, about
けっかresult, consequence
使しようuse, application, employment
せいdraft (beer), raw, unprocessed
なまdraft (beer), raw, unprocessed
さんかparticipation
かみgod
むりょうfree, no charge
under, below, beneath
しもunder, below, beneath
もとorigin, original, former
あいてcompanion, partner, company
ほうほうmethod, manner, way
time, about, toward
かたmold, model, style
さくひんwork, opus, performance
きぎょうenterprise, undertaking
げんざいpresent, up to now, nowadays
そんざいexistence, being
いきgoing
じけんevent, affair, incident
とおりin accordance with ~, following ~, ~ Street
ばんnumber (in a series)
さいこうhighest, supreme, the most
じょしwoman, girl
じょうたいcondition, situation, circumstances
かくにんaffirmation, confirmation
じっさいpractical, actual condition, status quo
こんかいnow, this time, lately
こじんindividual, private person, personal
ほうact (law: the X Act)
place, field (physics)
にんきsign of life
りかいunderstanding, comprehension
all, the whole, entirely
おんsound, note
かつどうaction, activity
じょうきょうstate of affairs, situation, circumstances
ないようsubject, contents, matter
はんばいsale, selling, marketing
しきequation, formula, ceremony
はっぴょうannouncement, publication
いっぱんgeneral, liberal, universal
こうげきattack, strike, offensive
じしんby oneself, personally
ぶぶんportion, section, part
nothing, naught, nil
あいlove
ぜんいんall members (unanimity), all hands, the whole crew
きのうfunction, faculty
調ちょうさinvestigation, examination, inquiry
かいしstart, commencement, beginning
きじarticle, news story, report
さいon the occasion of, circumstances
じんせい(human) life (i.e. conception to death)
もくてきpurpose, goal, aim
えいきょうinfluence, effect
せいふgovernment, administration
earth
かんりcontrol, management (e.g. of a business)
きほんfoundation, basis, standard
きかんperiod, term
姿すがたfigure, shape, appearance
ちいきarea, region
りつrate, ratio, proportion
いぜんago, since, before
おうking, ruler, sovereign
きねんcommemoration, memory
ぐんarmy, force, troops
けっていdecision, determination
ちがいdifference, discrepancy
かこthe past, bygone days, the previous
きたいexpectation, anticipation, hope
こうかeffect, effectiveness, efficacy
こうどうaction, conduct, behaviour
かいがいforeign, abroad, overseas
かんれんrelation, connection, relevance
さいしゅうlast, final, closing
せんしゅplayer (in game), team
だいぶぶんmost part, greater part, majority
ひょうかvaluation, estimation, assessment
きぼうhope, wish, aspiration
しゅうかんweek, weekly
ぜんこくcountry-wide, nation-wide, whole country
かんきょうenvironment, circumstance
ぎいんmember of the Diet, congress or parliament
せいこうsuccess, hit
はっけんdiscovery, detection, finding
ぎゃくreverse, opposite
きょうりょくcooperation, collaboration
しゅぎdoctrine, rule, principle
ていどdegree, amount, grade
しなthing, article, goods
ひんthing, article, goods
りょうquantity, amount, volume
けいやくcontract, compact, agreement
さけalcohol, sake
うまれbirth, birth-place
せきにんduty, responsibility
くみclass, group, team
だいひょうrepresentative, representation, delegation
てきenemy, rival
へんこうchange, modification, alteration
わだいtopic, subject
ためしtrial, test
しょうひんcommodity, article of commerce, goods
しょうsmallness, small item
たいしょうtarget, object (of worship, study
ねんかんyear
ひがいdamage
ひじょうemergency, extraordinary, unusual
めんface, mug, surface
いどうremoval, migration, movement
まちがいmistake
きろくrecord, minutes, document
ほうこくreport, information
ながれstream, current
ぜんたいwhole, entirety, whatever (is the matter)
たんじょうbirth
のうりょくability, faculty
びょうsecond (60th min)
もじletter (of alphabet), character
やくmeaning, reason, circumstances
いしきconsciousness, senses
いっぽうon the other hand, meanwhile, only
かちvalue, worth, merit
じきtime, season, period
せいしんmind, soul, heart
そしきorganization, structure, construction
たんとう(in) charge
かいけつsettlement, solution, resolution
こうかんexchange, interchange, reciprocity
しあわせhappiness, good fortune, luck
ちゅうしんcenter, core, heart
ひょうげんexpression, presentation, representation (math)
えいぎょうbusiness, trade, management
かんしゃthanks, gratitude
しぜんnature, spontaneous
とうじat that time, in those days
れいinstance, example, case
きおくmemory, recollection, remembrance
じどうautomatic, self-motion
body, main part, oneself
そうぞうimagination, guess
たいかいconvention, tournament, mass meeting
はんだんjudgement, decision
げんじつreality
たねseed, material, cause
みらいfuture (life, tense)
ろうどうmanual labor, toil, work
いちplace, situation, position
いんしょうimpression
からsky
なかまcompany, fellow, colleague
ほんにんthe person himself
さんこうreference, consultation
じっしenforcement, enact, put into practice
であいmeeting, rendezvous, encounter
ちきゅうthe earth
うまhorse, promoted bishop (shogi)
ゆうじんfriend
うちゅうuniverse, cosmos, space
こくみんnational, people, citizen
しょうじょdaughter, young lady, virgin
だいとうりょうpresident, chief executive
かかくprice, value, cost
がくlearning, scholarship, erudition
らくcomfort, ease
かんとくsupervision, control, superintendence
けいえいmanagement, administration
difference, variation
しょうひconsumption, expenditure
しょうがいobstacle, impediment (fault), damage
よみreading
はんざいcrime
まけdefeat, loss, losing (a game)
こっかstate, country, nation
まつりfestival, feast
さぎょうwork, operation, manufacturing
たたかいbattle, fight, struggle
value, price, cost
つかれtiredness, fatigue
やくuse, service, role
かんせいcomplete, completion, perfection
しょうねんboys, juveniles
せいげんrestriction, restraint, limitation
せいどsystem, institution, organization
ちほうarea, locality, district
ほうこうdirection, course, way
いいんcommittee member
けんこうhealth, sound, wholesome
せんたくselection, choice
とくちょうfeature, characteristic
たびtravel, trip, journey
こいlove, tender passion
きかんorgan, mechanism, facility
じんぶつcharacter, personality, person
せいちょうgrowth, grow to adulthood
たいほarrest, apprehension, capture
むだfutility, uselessness
いりょうmedical care, medical treatment
こんごfrom now on, hereafter
しょうprize, award
だんしyouth, young man
つうしんcorrespondence, communication, news
みやこcapital
へんかgoblin, ghost, apparition
いのちcommand, decree, life
かんこうsightseeing
げんばactual spot, scene, scene of the crime
じょうけんconditions, terms
きゅうclass, grade, rank
しゅるいvariety, kind, type
きょくcourt lady, lady in waiting
しゅうsandbank
とうひょうvoting, poll
ねんれいage, years
ふあんanxiety, uneasiness, insecurity
fool, idiot, trivial matter
あんていstability, equilibrium
まるcircle, full (month), perfection
むねbreast, chest
むかえmeeting, person sent to pick up an arrival
こうこくadvertisement
そうちequipment, installation, apparatus
としtown, city, municipal
つちearth, soil
なぞriddle, puzzle, enigma
ひみつsecret, secrecy
ぶきweapon, arms, ordinance
れんぞくserial, consecutive, continuity
しょりprocessing, dealing with, treatment
まんぞくsatisfaction
つみcrime, fault, indiscretion
いちば(the) market (as a concept)
しゅちょうclaim, request, insistence
しゅんかんmoment, second, instant
もうしわけapology, excuse
だんたいorganization, association
ていきfixed term
でんしelectron
どうようidentical, equal to, same (kind)
ものがたりtale, story, legend
かんかくsense, sensation
きんしprohibition, ban
げんだいnowadays, modern times, present-day
しどうleadership, guidance, coaching
そうさoperation, management, processing
ふだんusually, habitually, ordinarily
きかいmachine, mechanism
あなhole
ぶたいstage (theatre)
ふんいきatmosphere (e.g. musical), mood, ambience
へいわpeace, harmony
without
いじmaintenance, preservation
かんじょうemotion(s), feeling(s), sentiment
かちwin, victory
しんらいreliance, trust, confidence
しんたいthe body
きれcloth, piece, cut
せっけいplan, design
そうとうsuitable, fair, tolerable
ひはんcriticism, judgement, comment
ひょうtable (e.g. Tab 1), chart, list
ともfriend, companion, pal
ようそelement
けんさinspection (e.g. customs, factory), examination
さくらcherry blossom, cherry tree
しろcastle
せいかくcharacter, personality
せいひんmanufactured goods, finished goods
ていあんproposal, proposition, suggestion
どりょくgreat effort, exertion, endeavour
ゆいいつonly, sole, unique
つれcompanion, company
いらいsince, henceforth
けんりright, privilege
ちしきknowledge, information
ねんだいage, era, period
ぶんsentence
へいきんequilibrium, balance, average
もくひょうmark, objective, target
よゆうsurplus, composure, margin
かんじゃa patient
しはいrule, control, direction
じっけんexperiment
たいpair, couple, set
ちゅうおうcentre, central, center
とちplot of land, lot, soil
ほぞんpreservation, conservation, storage
ゆうしょうoverall victory, championship
かいふくrecovery (from illness), improvement, rehabilitation
じっこうpractice, performance, execution (e.g. program)
つづきsequel, continuation
たにんanother person, unrelated person, outsider
はかせdoctorate, PhD
ばくはつexplosion, detonation, eruption
めんどうtrouble, difficulty, care
ようすaspect, state, appearance
がまんpatience, endurance, perseverance
しゅうweek
しりbuttocks, bottom
とつぜんabruptly, suddenly, unexpectedly
きょうじゅteaching, instruction, professor
のこりremnant, residue, remaining
しゅうちゅうconcentration, focusing the mind
じょゆうactress
しょうめいproof, verification
おびband (e.g. conduction, valence)
ちゅうもくnotice, attention, observation
みりょくcharm, fascination, glamour
ぶじsafety, peace, quietness
ようきゅうrequest, demand, requisition
いらいrequest, commission, dispatch
かんりょうcompletion, conclusion
けいじcriminal case, (police) detective
けんとうconsideration, examination, investigation
こうせいorganization, composition
しぼうdeath, mortality
じつげんimplementation, materialization, realization
せいぞうmanufacture, production
なっとくconsent, assent, understanding
ははおやmother
ほんものgenuine article
たちばstandpoint, position, situation
しゅだんmeans, way, measure
しゅうだんgroup, mass
じゅうgun
じんるいmankind, humanity
ぜいtax
とうちゃくarrival
はらabdomen, belly, stomach
すえthe end of, powder
えんそうmusical performance
かいいんmember, the membership
たまball, sphere, coin
けんticket, coupon, bond
さいばんtrial, judgement
はじまりorigin, beginning
しんようconfidence, dependence, credit
調ちょうしtune, tone, key
いたboard, plank
ひかくcomparison
ちちおやfather
便びんway, means
こいびとlover, sweetheart
うんfortune, luck
じさつsuicide
しゅうせいamendment, correction, revision
どうろroad, highway
はんいextent, scope, sphere
ぶんせきanalysis
めいわくtrouble, bother, annoyance
かいぜんbetterment, improvement
かくだいmagnification, enlargement
かんげいwelcome, reception
くんれんpractice, training
けいさんcalculation, reckoning
げきじょうtheatre, playhouse
あらわれembodiment, materialization
さいていleast, lowest, worst
しゅしょうprime Minister
しゅうにゅうincome, receipts, revenue
しゅっしんgraduate from, come from
くらしliving, livelihood, subsistence
きょうしteacher (classroom)
すじmuscle, string, line
こうほcandidacy
このみliking, taste, choice
じたいsituation, present state of affairs
せいきcentury, era
せつtheory
にちじょうordinary, regular, everyday
ふそくinsufficiency, shortage, deficiency
げんごlanguage
しつquality, nature (of person)
fruit, nut, seed
じゅうみんcitizens, inhabitants, residents
はだskin
もようpattern, figure, design
いしdoctor, physician
おにogre, demon, it (i.e.
きょかpermission, approval
しゅうきょうreligion
figure (e.g. Fig 1), drawing, picture
せいめいlife, existence
でんとうtradition, convention
とうparty (political)
ぶんやfield, sphere, realm
きしゃreporter
けんせつconstruction, establishment
じじょうcircumstances, consideration, conditions
だいじんcabinet minister
ちかbasement, underground
いたみpain, ache, sore
ぶっしつmaterial, substance
りえきprofits, gains, (political
がくforehead, brow
ひたいforehead, brow
かぶshare, stock, stump (of tree)
ぎろんargument, discussion, dispute
ぎんsilver, silver coin, silver paint
けんちくconstruction, architecture
しゅじゅつsurgical operation
じゅうたくresident, housing
しょうchapter, section, medal
えがおsmiling face
しんりmentality
ぞうかincrease, addition
たんいunit, denomination, credit (in school)
びじんbeautiful person (woman)
むしdisregard, ignore
あくまdevil, demon, evil spirit
うしcattle, cow
おもいでmemories, recollections, reminiscence
しゅっぱんpublication
そくどspeed, velocity, rate
たいようsun, solar
ちゅうしsuspension, stoppage, discontinuance
とくいpride, triumph, prosperity
はってんdevelopment, growth
おうじprince
ぎもんquestion, problem, doubt
けいこうtendency, trend, inclination
ていこうelectrical resistance, resistance, opposition
しょくemployment
しんけいnerve, sensitivity
しんちょうheight (of body), stature
せいぶつraw food
だんstep, stair, flight of steps
ちゅうもんorder, request
はっこうissue (publications)
ほのおflame
かんどうbeing deeply moved, excitement, impression
あせsweat, perspiration
きょうつうcommonness, community
ぐたいconcrete, tangible, material
けんぽうconstitution
ほねbone
ひていnegation, denial, repudiation
わかれparting, separation, farewell
なみだtear
あんplan, suffix meaning draft
いはんviolation (of law), transgression, infringement
いっしょうwhole life, a lifetime, all through life
きょうどうcooperation, association, collaboration
ゆかfloor
しょくひんcommodity, foodstuff
ふくろbag, sack
めいれいorder, command, decree
りそうideal
かんしんconcern, interest
きんゆうmonetary circulation, credit situation
こんなんdifficulty, distress
どくりつindependence (e.g. Ind. Day), self-support
ring, hoop, circle
がくしゅうstudy, learning
かたshoulder
さっかauthor, writer, novelist
ほしょうguarantee, security, assurance
やくわりpart, assigning (allotment of) parts, role
よさんestimate, budget
れつqueue, line, row
かげshade, shadow, other side
きょうふbe afraid, dread, dismay
げいじゅつ(fine) art, the arts
ちくdistrict, section, sector
いちじmoment, time
いっしゅんa moment, an instant
ぎむduty, obligation, responsibility
しょくぶつplant, vegetation
しょくぎょうoccupation, business
はたらきwork, labor
なみwave
きんちょうtension, mental strain, nervousness
けいplan, total, meter
げんじょうpresent condition, existing state, status quo
げんかいlimit, bound
こっかいnational Diet, parliament, congress
しそうthought, idea
しゅういsurroundings, circumference, environs
すうじnumeral, figure
せいりsorting, arrangement, adjustment
なかrelation, relationship
ちゅうしゃparking (e.g. car)
めしmeals, food
ふまんdissatisfaction, displeasure, discontent
れっしゃtrain (ordinary)
えいえんeternity, perpetuity, immortality
かくごresolution, resignation, readiness
よろこび(a) joy, (a) delight, rapture
げんしょうphenomenon
さべつdiscrimination, distinction, differentiation
きずwound, injury, hurt
しんごうtraffic lights, signal, semaphore
てつiron
あらしstorm, tempest
退いんたいretire
passable
がくしゃscholar
はらfield, plain, prairie
じむbusiness, office work
しゅうりrepairing, mending
りょうきんfee, charge, fare
きんにくmuscle, sinew
こうくうaviation, flying
こしhip
しゅうしょくfinding employment, inauguration
ばめんscene, setting (e.g. of novel)
せい(logical) true, regular
せつびequipment, device, facilities
たいどattitude, manner
たにvalley
ちゅうがくmiddle school, junior high school
てきようapplying
てつどうrailroad
はばwidth, breadth
みかたfriend, ally, supporter
おくinterior, inner part
かつようconjugation, practical use
じんこうartificial, manmade, human work
どうりょうcoworker, colleague, associate
どくpoison, toxicant
はんにんoffender, criminal
ふうふmarried couple, husband and wife
もんくphrase, complaint
めんきょlicense, permit, licence
りこんdivorce
いしintention, purpose
きゅうりょうsalary, wages
ごうかくsuccess, passing (e.g. exam), eligibility
わらいlaugh, laughter, smile
いきおいforce, vigor, energy
ていしゅつpresentation, submission, filing
ひょうじょうfacial expression
ゆうきcourage, bravery, valour
ろうじんthe aged, old person
ひとことsingle word
かがくchemistry
ねがいdesire, wish, request
ごうけいsum total, total amount
さゆうleft and right, influence, control
まつpine tree, highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
ほうもんcall, visit
field
ふちa means, e.g. of living
こんらんdisorder, chaos, confusion
じゅんorder, turn
しんぞうheart
かたなsword, saber, knife
ひようcost, expense
りゅうこうfashionable, fad, in vogue
よめbride, daughter-in-law
きおんtemperature
きょうぎgame, match, contest
げんきんcash, ready money, mercenary
しょるいdocuments, official papers
すいみんsleep
ぶつりphysics
くろうtroubles, hardships
できごとincident, affair, happening
せいきゅうclaim, demand, application
ちょうきlong time period
こおりice, hail
かたがたpersons, this and that, here and there
あぶらoil
はねcounter for birds, counter for rabbits
きゅうglobe, sphere, ball
きんぞくmetal
こうけんcontribution, services
じまんpride, boast
しょうにんrecognition, acknowledgement, approval
せけんworld, society
せんじつthe other day, a few days ago
そこbottom, sole
どうじsimultaneous(ly), concurrent, same time
ひこうaviation
かいしゃくexplanation, interpretation
こうりょconsideration, taking into account
かおりaroma, fragrance, scent
ざいりょうingredients, material
じょうだんjest, joke
ちゃtea
あたりvicinity, nearby
ぼうpole, rod, stick
ぼうけんrisk, venture, adventure
よそくprediction, estimation
いんようquotation, citation
かんさつobservation, survey
きゅうけいrest, break, recess
きょうきゅうsupply, provision
じゅようdemand, request
じょおうqueen
しょうじょうsymptoms, condition
いきbreath, tone
たいはんmajority, mostly, generally
はいゆうactor, actress, player
かわskin, hide, leather
いっちcoincidence, agreement, conformity
えいせいsatellite
かんcan, tin
いわrock, crag
ざいさんproperty, fortune, assets
しまいsisters
ふせいinjustice, unfairness
べんとうbox lunch
やねroof
けしょうmake-up (cosmetic)
きゅうしゅうabsorption, suction, attraction
さいのうtalent, ability
しげきstimulus, impetus, incentive
かしloan, lending
ちゅうこused, second-hand, old
てんねんnature, spontaneity
おんどtemperature
がいこうdiplomacy
くだpipe, tube
もとbasis
じゅうしimportance, stress, serious consideration
だいりrepresentation, agency, proxy
きんがくamount of money
まねmimicry, imitation, behavior
たいいくphysical education, gymnastics, athletics
なべsaucepan, pot
にちようsunday
せいheight, stature
ひょうめんsurface, outside, face
つきあいassociation, socializing, fellowship
handle, grip
がらhilt (of a sword), haft (of a dagger), handgrip
つばさwings
ぎかいdiet, congress, parliament
げきdrama, play
こきゅうbreath, respiration
せいじんadult
たいざいstay, sojourn
つうかpassage through, passing
ひざknee, lap
れいせいcalm, composure, coolness
ろんぶんthesis, essay, treatise
けいゆgo by the way, via
けつろんconclusion
ごかいmisunderstanding
しほんfunds, capital
じょうしきcommon sense
しんこう(religious) faith, belief, creed
ふしtune, tone, knot
したtongue
くみあいassociation, union
そんloss, disadvantage
まめbeans, peas
はったつdevelopment, growth
いんさつprinting
えんぎacting, performance
ぐうぜん(by) chance, unexpectedly, suddenly
さんせいapproval, agreement, support
しげんresources
しゃっきんdebt, loan, liabilities
しんゆうclose friend, buddy
あとtrace, tracks, mark
そんけいrespect, esteem, reverence
ながめscene, view, prospect
ふじんwife, Mrs, madam
はかgrave, tomb
はだかnaked, nude
しるしmark, symbol, evidence
counter for chapters (of a book)
きまりsettlement, conclusion, regulation
いずみspring, fountain
ひょうばんfame, reputation, popularity
たからtreasure
まごgrandchild
てつがくphilosophy
ふこうunhappiness, sorrow, misfortune
くせa habit (often a bad habit), peculiarity
がいしゅつouting, going out
きたくreturning home
しゅとcapital city
せいせきresults, record
ふうけいscenery
便ゆうびんmail, postal service
おせんpollution, contamination
root
たんごword, vocabulary, (usually) single-character word
ちじprefectural governor
かげんaddition and subtraction, allowance for
じこくinstant, time, moment
そんがいdamage, injury, loss
たいせんgreat war, great battle
のうぎょうagriculture
はたけfield
えいようnutrition, nourishment
まわりcircumference, surroundings, circulation
くべつdistinction, differentiation, classification
とらtiger
あつまりgathering, meeting, assembly
しょうとつcollision, conflict
ちい(social) position, status
ほうせきgem, jewel
えんじょassistance, aid, support
むかいfacing, opposite, across the street
さんそoxygen
てまtime, labour
宿やどinn, lodging
にゅうじょうentrance, admission, entering
ぶんめいcivilization, culture
りゅうがくstudying abroad
さらplate, dish
とうtower, pagoda
きんよう(abbr) Friday
こうふくhappiness, blessedness
こっきょうnational or state border
さっきょくcomposition, setting (of music)
いきものliving thing, animal
rice field
どようsaturday
はくぶつかんmuseum
はつめいinvention
いしwill, volition
stomach
えさfeed, bait
えいきゅうeternity, perpetuity, immortality
きふcontribution, donation
調きょうちょうemphasis, stress, stressed point
きょうかしょtext book
ぐんたいarmy, troops
どくとくpeculiarity, uniqueness, characteristic
あいじょうlove, affection
かいけいaccount, finance, accountant
かかりofficial, duty, person in charge
げつようmonday
けんかいopinion, point of view
ふたごtwins, a twin
ぬのcloth
かみなりthunder
かさいconflagration, fire
ぎちょうchairman
けいこくwarning, advice
さいちゅうin the middle of
しょめいsignature
はしend (e.g. of street), edge, tip
はたflag
こうえんlecture, address
poem, verse of poetry
てっていthoroughness, completeness
うめplum, plum-tree, lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
よぼうprevention, precaution, protection against
おかhill, height, knoll
しょくりょうfood
ぜいきんtax, duty
light
どくしょreading
ほとけbuddha, merciful person, Buddhist image
かんきゃくaudience, spectator(s)
きみ-like, -looking, -looked
じんしゅrace (of people)
さかりhelping, serving
せいねんyouth, young man
そうぞくsuccession, inheritance
たいりくcontinent
たくhouse, home, husband
ずつうheadache
わきside
きんだいpresent day
ほこりpride
ちょしゃauthor, writer
どろmud
みやげpresent, souvenir
ふかwrong, bad, improper
よなかmidnight, dead of night
ぜいたくluxury, extravagance
かしゅsinger
のきeaves
こうさいcompany, friendship, association
はりneedle, hand (e.g. clock)
ちょきん(bank) savings
はいたつdelivery, distribution
れいexpression of gratitude
えんきpostponement, adjournment
こきょうhome town, birthplace, old village
しゅふhousewife, mistress
じゅんばんturn (in line), order of things
じょしゅhelper, helpmeet, assistant
しんぽprogress, development
さわぎuproar, disturbance
とざんmountain-climbing
ひづけdate, dating
のうbeing skilled in, nicely, properly
ひげきtragedy
まくcurtain, bunting, act (in play)
よほうforecast, prediction
basket, cage
いっしゅa species, a kind, a variety
きゅうかholiday, day off, furlough
つとめservice, duty, business
ざせきseat
さつtoken, label, ticket
しょうばいtrade, business, commerce
せきゆoil, petroleum, kerosene
ほりmoat
けむりsmoke, fumes
きげんhumour, temper, mood
きゅうじょrelief, aid, rescue
こうしゃthe latter
じょうきゃくpassenger
nest, rookery, breeding place
ふじんwoman, female
ふくそうgarments
こなflour, meal, powder
ゆうじょうfriendship, fellowship
こうけいscene, spectacle
こやhut, cabin, shed
そんちょうrespect, esteem, regard
だいtitle, subject, theme
ちこくlateness, late coming
おきopen sea
しゅうかくharvest, crop, ingathering
しんせきrelative
すいせんrecommendation
とかいcity
のうかfarmer, farm family
ものごとthings, everything
えんぜつspeech, address
きしbank, coast, shore
宿しゅくはくlodging
たとえsimile, metaphor, allegory
こんやくengagement, betrothal
なかばmiddle, half, semi
sprout
きんせんmoney, cash
さばくdesert
てつだいhelp, helper, assistant
しょうぼうfire fighting, fire department
ちえwisdom, wit, sagacity
ちのうintelligence, brains
てんけいtype, pattern, archetypal
いっかa house, a home, a family
くつうpain, agony
あきroom, time to spare, emptiness
こうへいfairness, impartial, justice
すいじゅんwater level, level, standard
せつやくeconomising, saving
ちゅうannotation, explanatory note
どくしんbachelorhood, single, unmarried
びんbottle
かげshade, shadow, other side
しきゅうpayment, allowance
しばいplay, drama
つうがくcommuting to school
とたんjust (now, at the moment, etc.)
りくsix (used in legal documents)
おうさまking
してんbranch store (office)
おひるlunch, noon
はいash
かいがpicture
がいinjury, harm, evil influence
ねっちゅうnuts!, enthusiasm, zeal
ふりdisadvantage, handicap, unfavorable
かじhousework, domestic chores
かもく(school) subject, curriculum, course
かしpastry
かんしんadmiration, Well done!
きこうclimate
ごうとうrobbery, burglary
しんがくgoing on to university
ふでwriting brush
こっせつbone fracture
使たいしambassador
あくしゅhandshake
おんfavour, obligation, debt of gratitude
あやまりerror
しょくよくappetite (for food)
どういつidentity, sameness, similarity
はさん(personal) bankruptcy
かぐfurniture
くさりchain
ぜんgood, goodness, right
どうとくmorals
あわbubble, foam, froth
きりfog, mist
やちんrent
かいごうmeeting, assembly
きんえんno Smoking!
じゅうたいcongestion (e.g. traffic), delay, stagnation
わるくちabuse, insult, slander
いわいcelebration, festival
しんぱんrefereeing, trial, judgement
ぜんしゃthe former
ぜんしんadvance, drive, progress
はくしゅclapping hands, applause
わんbay, gulf, inlet
けっかんdefect, fault, deficiency
けってんfaults, defect, weakness
こくごnational language
にっこうsunlight
びょうどうequality (a), impartiality, evenness
のぞみwish, desire, (a) hope
かわleather
けいきcondition, state, business (condition)
きじbirthplace
たいきatmosphere
がくもんscholarship, study, learning
こくふくsubjugation, conquest
そでsleeve
ろんそうcontroversy, dispute
おうだんcrossing
しつぎょうunemployment
しょうにんtrader, shopkeeper, merchant
こううんgood luck, fortune
ぞうelephant
ちゅうしょくlunch, midday meal
ようびday of the week
つうこうpassage, passing
がっきterm (school)
せんこうmajor subject, special study
しらせnotice
ほどうfootpath, walkway, sidewalk
もくようthursday
といquestion, query
れんそうassociation (of ideas), suggestion
しょうがくきんscholarship
こんざつconfusion, congestion
そうおんnoise
がかpainter, artist
かんperception, intuition, the sixth sense
けいいrespect, honour
みまいenquiry, expression of sympathy, expression of concern
たがいmutual, reciprocal
しつぼうdisappointment, despair
たいおんtemperature (body)
ひひょうcriticism, review, commentary
まいごlost (stray) child
よあけdawn, daybreak
れいぎmanners, courtesy, etiquette
かよう(abbr) Tuesday
てんこうweather
たばhandbreadth, bundle
はんこうopposition, resistance
ふじゆうdiscomfort, disability, inconvenience
ししゅつexpenditure, expenses
ちょうだいplease do for me (preceded by -te), reception, being given
しんさつmedical examination
としょbooks
ふえflute, pipe
あわれhelpless, pity, sorrow
きにゅうentry, filling in of forms
もうふblanket
じょうたつimprovement, advance, progress
だいきんprice, payment, cost
ねんじゅうwhole year, always, everyday
てつやall night, all night vigil, sleepless night
はっしゃdeparture of a vehicle
つゆrainy season, rain during the rainy season
さかいborder, boundary, mental state
けっせきabsence, non-attendance
しょうごnoon, mid-day
のうみんfarmers, peasants
いふくclothes
しょくりょうprovisions, rations
cotton, padding
sentence
なわrope, hemp
綿めんcotton, padding
しじんpoet
じょうとうsuperiority, first class, very good
きんこsafe, vault, treasury
ちょうじょうtop, summit, peak
めいじんmaster, expert
ごがくlanguage study
おおやrich family, distinguished family
けいじnotice, bulletin
けっしんdetermination, resolution
さくもつproduce (e.g. agricultural), crops
しはらいpayment
ぶっかprices of commodities, prices (in general)
じょうきょうproceeding to the capital (Tokyo)
としつきmonths and years
こうかcoin
つつみbundle, package, parcel
けんとうbe found, aim, estimate
せきたんcoal
あんきmemorization, learning by heart
いねrice-plant
しばふlawn
へいwall, fence
こむぎwheat
かんじょうcalculation, counting, consideration
しょくたくdining table
みおくりseeing one off, farewell, escort
くれyear end, sunset, nightfall
どうしverb
ねったいtropics
cousin (male)
ぎしengineer, technician
むしばcavity, tooth decay, decayed tooth
おいold age, old person, the old
defect, flaw, blemish
あいずsign, signal
こくもつgrain, cereal, corn
しょもつbooks
いねむりdozing, nodding off
よきexpectation, assume will happen, forecast
ようじんcare, precaution, guarding
tease, prank, trick
さほうmanners, etiquette, propriety
およぎswimming
こくばんblackboard
まんいちby some chance, by some possibility, if by any chance
かっきenergy, liveliness
あかりlamplight, light (in general), brightness
しもfrost
りょうがえchange, money exchange
ぎょうぎmanners
いまliving room (western style)
ようてんgist, main point
くんnative Japanese reading of a Chinese character
しょさいstudy
てじなsleight of hand, conjuring trick, magic
ジェットきjet aeroplane
つりfishing, angling
便たよりnews, tidings, information
ふへいcomplaint, discontent, dissatisfaction
ちへいせんhorizon
としよりold people, the aged
ていりゅうじょbus or tram stop
ものおとsounds
とうあんexamination paper, examination script
こづつみparcel, package
1000 ton
ひとごみcrowd of people
ice cream
(electric) iron
out
album
getting nervous, irritation
ink
whisky
gargle, rinse mouth
rabbit, hare, cony
(n) energy (de: Energie)
engine
overcoat, over
chattering, talk, idle talk
office
おたがいmutual, reciprocal, each other
car
card, curd
feel disappointed, be dejected, lose heart
captain
camp
classic(s)
glass, grass
cream
christmas
group
case
game
stinginess, miser, miserliness
coach
code, cord, chord
goal
proverb, maxim
service, support system, goods or services without charge
autograph, sign, sine
jeans
often, again and again, frequently
juice, soft drink, deuce
switch
(Western) soup
skiing
skate(s), skating
star
style
stand
speech
set
a center
sofa, couch
typewriter
dyer, diagram, (railway) schedule
(hand) towel
free of charge, mere, only
dance
cheese
team
chance, opportunity
date, go on a date
(abbr) demo, demonstration
tent
somewhere, anywhere
top
drive, trip by car, driving
truck, (running) track
drama
playing cards (lit: trump)
dress
tunnel
mouse, rat, dark gray
knock, fungo (baseball)
percent
violin
hiking
pipe, tube, channels
pilot
scissors
path, pass (in games)
passport
bag, bug
bun, van (caravan), VAN (value-added network)
beer
picnic
video
string, cord, pimp
pin
plus
plan
a brake
professional
belt for western clothes
(n) paint (nl: pek)
bench
boy
rowing boat
platform, home
ball, bowl
market
mike
proprietor, manager, barowner
mama
miss (mistake, error, failure)
milk
memorandum
member
humor
europe
yacht
lighter, rider, writer
paddle, racket
locket, rocket
wine
うわさrumour, report, gossip
くだりdown-train (going away from Tokyo)
せきcough
しょくもつfood, foodstuff
ぜつめつdestruction, extinction
にっちゅうdaytime, broad daylight
ほほcheek (of face)
ゆうべevening

Verbs (212)

WordReadingMeaning
かんじるto feel, to sense, to experience
えるto get, to gain, to win
うるto get, to gain, to win
ことなるto differ, to vary, to disagree
ふくむto hold in the mouth, to bear in mind
まもるto protect, to obey, to guard
to be (animate), to be, to exist
あたえるto give, to present, to award
もとめるto seek, to request, to demand
ころすto kill
たたかうto fight, to battle, to combat
おこるto occur, to happen
えがくto draw, to paint, to sketch
かたるto talk, to tell, to recite
しめすto denote, to show, to point out
あたるto be hit, to be successful, to be equivalent to
まなぶto study (in depth), to learn, to take lessons in
みとめるto recognize, to appreciate, to approve
いたるto come, to arrive
あつかうto handle, to deal with, to treat
あらわれるto appear, to come in sight, to become visible
とどくto reach
ながれるto stream, to flow, to run (ink)
かせぐto earn income, to labor
のぞくto remove, to exclude, to except
すごすto pass, to spend, to go through
ふせぐto defend (against), to protect, to prevent
しんじるto believe, to place trust in
あいするto love
くりかえすto repeat, to do something over again
のこすto leave (behind, over), to bequeath
さけるto avoid (physical contact ), to ward off, to avert
くう(male) (vulg) to eat
きくto be effective
とれるto come off, to be taken off, to be removed
ゆるすto permit, to allow, to approve
なやむto be worried, to be troubled
うごかすto move, to shift
のぞむto desire, to wish for, to see
ふれるto touch, to be touched, to touch on a subject
たおすto throw down, to beat, to bring down
かくすto hide, to conceal
すくうto rescue from, to help out of
ひろがるto spread (out), to extend, to stretch
うしなうto lose, to part with
すすめるto advance, to promote, to hasten
ぬけるto come out, to fall out, to be omitted
to hit, to strike
くらすto live, to get along
ながすto drain, to float, to shed (blood
うれるto be sold
かがやくto shine, to glitter, to sparkle
きれるto cut well, to be sharp, to break (off)
ぬくto extract, to omit, to surpass
ねがうto desire, to wish, to request
あわせるto join together, to be opposite, to face
しょうじるto produce, to yield, to result from
あらわすto express, to show, to reveal
もとづくto be grounded on, to be based on, to be due to
へるto decrease (in size or number), to diminish, to abate
まわすto turn, to revolve
たつto pass, to lapse
もどすto restore, to put back, to return
へらすto abate, to decrease, to diminish
にあうto suit, to match, to become
くわえるto append, to sum up, to add (up)
しはらうto pay
やめるto retire
たすけるto help, to save, to rescue
のびるto stretch, to extend, to make progress
したがうto abide (by the rules), to obey, to follow
くむto put together
ささえるto be blocked, to choke, to be obstructed
うばうto snatch away
このむto like, to prefer
うけとるto receive, to get, to accept
おうto chase, to run after
はずすto unfasten, to remove
きづくto notice, to recognize, to become aware of
あきらめるto give up, to abandon
さけぶto shout, to cry
さすto point, to put up umbrella, to play
はくto breathe, to tell (lies), to vomit
うたがうto doubt, to distrust, to be suspicious of
むすぶto tie, to bind, to link
あてるto hit, to apply a patch
とばすto skip over, to omit
とおすto let pass, to overlook, to continue
はなれるto be separated from, to leave, to go away
さるto leave, to go away
くるしむto suffer, to groan, to be worried
うったえるto sue (a person), to resort to, to appeal to
もえるto burn
いだくto embrace, to hug, to harbour
さそうto invite, to ask, to tempt
しめるto comprise, to account for, to make up (of)
こえるto exceed, to cross over, to cross
もちいるto use, to make use of
ふるto wave, to shake, to swing
つうじるto run to, to lead to, to communicate
わけるto divide, to separate
ためすto attempt, to test
まねくto invite
そだつto raise (child), to be brought up, to grow (up)
ますto increase, to grow
のばすto lengthen, to stretch, to reach out
かかえるto hold or carry under or in the arms
くわわるto join in, to accede to, to increase
たよるto rely on, to have recourse to, to depend on
たっするto reach, to get to
まかせるto entrust to another, to leave to
きらうto hate, to dislike, to loathe
かぎるto restrict, to limit, to confine
おくるto send, to give to, to award to
ことわるto refuse, to decline, to dismiss
つかまるto be caught, to be arrested
にぎるto grasp, to seize, to mould sushi
とくto unfasten
うつto attack, to defeat, to destroy
to suffer
うつすto remove, to transfer, to infect
むけるto turn towards, to point
おえるto finish
たしかめるto ascertain
およぼすto exert, to cause, to exercise
やぶるto tear, to violate, to defeat
いわうto congratulate, to celebrate
ふるえるto shiver, to shake, to quake
のべるto state, to express, to mention
のせるto place on (something), to take on board, to give a ride
かぞえるto count
ながめるto view, to gaze at
ひっぱるto pull, to draw, to stretch
そなえるto furnish, to provide for, to equip
あきるto get tired of, to lose interest in, to have enough
おろすto lower, to let go down
わるto divide, to cut, to break
とりあげるto take up, to pick up, to disqualify
しずむto sink, to feel depressed
かけるto be lacking
to pour (into), to irrigate, to pay
せめるto condemn, to blame, to criticize
そそぐto pour (into), to irrigate, to pay
おおうto cover, to hide, to conceal
とじるto close (e.g. book, eyes), to shut
むくto face
さめるto wake, to wake up
おそれるto fear, to be afraid of
くるうto go mad, to get out of order
かうto keep, to raise, to feed
おとるto fall behind, to be inferior to
すすめるto recommend, to advise, to encourage
やとうto employ, to hire
おうじるto respond, to satisfy, to accept
うらぎるto betray, to turn traitor to, to double-cross
ゆずるto turn over, to assign, to hand over
おさめるto obtain, to reap, to pay
おぼれるto be drowned, to indulge in
はなしあうto discuss, to talk together
かくれるto hide, to be hidden, to conceal oneself
たちあがるto stand up
つくto settle in (place), to take (seat, position)
ようto get drunk, to become intoxicated
さからうto go against, to oppose, to disobey
あずけるto give into custody, to entrust, to deposit
すませるto be finished
とびだすto jump out, to rush out, to fly out
とけるto come untied, to come apart
かえるto exchange, to interchange, to substitute
くさるto rot, to go bad
めいじるto order, to command, to appoint
だまるto be silent
もちあげるto raise, to lift up, to flatter
かなしむto be sad, to mourn for, to regret
かこむto surround, to encircle
つめるto pack, to shorten, to work out (details)
もうしこむto apply for, to make an application
はなすto part, divide, separate
たいするto face, to confront, to oppose
すぐれるto surpass, to outstrip, to excel
さますto awaken
こおるto freeze, to be frozen over, to congeal
ころぶto fall down, to fall over
ろんじるto argue, to discuss, to debate
よこぎるto cross (e.g. arms), to traverse
とおりすぎるto pass, to pass through
ばっするto punish, to penalize
はかるto measure, to weigh, to survey
はぶくto omit, to eliminate, to curtail
ほほえむto smile
こすto go over (e.g. with audience)
つもるto pile up
はなすto separate, to set free
みちるto be full, to rise (tide), to mature
かるto cut (hair), to mow (grass), to harvest
てきするto fit, to suit
かんするto concern, to be related
なまけるto be idle, to neglect
according to
おいつくto overtake, to catch up (with)
to cease, to abolish, to resign
to suffer from
to scold
to finish, to close, to do something completely
to talk, to chat, to chatter
to seize, to catch, to grasp
to tie, to fasten, to connect
to run somebody over (with vehicle), to knock someone down
であうto meet by chance, to come across, to happen to encounter
たたくto strike, to clap, to dust
ほえるto bark, to bay, to howl
うなるto groan, to moan

I-adjectives (16)

WordReadingMeaning
painful, heart-breaking
くさいodour, scent, smell
くわしいknowing very well, detailed, full
おそろしいterrible, dreadful
はげしいviolent, vehement, intense
こいthick (as of color, liquid), dense
くるしいpainful, difficult
かしこいwise, clever, smart
おさないvery young, childish
まずしいpoor, needy
するどいpointed, sharp
ひとしいequal
かわいらしいlovely, sweet
したしいintimate, close (e.g. friend)
tight, close, intense
unexpected, offensive, What a thing to say!

Na-adjectives (75)

WordReadingMeaning
かのうpossible, practicable, feasible
かんぜんperfection, completeness
じゅうようimportant, momentous, essential
しょうじきhonesty, integrity, frankness
あきらかobvious, evident, clear
すてきlovely, dreamy, beautiful
あらたnew, fresh, novel
ちょくせつdirect, immediate, personal
さまざまvaried, various
かくじつcertainty, reliability, soundness
ふしぎmystery, curiosity
いじょうstrangeness, abnormality, disorder
きょだいhuge, gigantic, enormous
こうそくhigh speed, high gear
せいかくaccurate, punctuality, exactness
ゆうしゅうsuperiority, excellence
にがてpoor (at), weak (in), dislike (of)
たんじゅんsimplicity
せっきょくてきpositive, active, proactive
ゆうこうvalidity, availability, effectiveness
めいかくclear up, clarify, define
みごとsplendid, magnificent, beautiful
ひっしinevitable death, desperation, frantic
いがいunexpected, surprising
きちょうprecious, valuable
きょうりょくherculean strength, mountain carrier-guide
しんけんseriousness, earnestness
じきearnestly, immediately, exactly
なおstraight, mischief, ordinary
びみょうdelicate, subtle
せいしきdue form, official, formality
てきせつpertinent, appropriate, adequate
みょうstrange, unusual
しゅようchief, main, principal
さいわいhappiness, blessedness
ごうかwonderful, gorgeous, splendor
しんこくserious
ゆたかabundant, wealthy, plentiful
よういeasy, simple, plain
かいてきpleasant, agreeable, comfortable
しんせんfresh
ほうふabundance, wealth, plenty
ゆうりadvantageous, better, profitable
しんちょうdiscretion, prudence
じゅうだいserious, important, grave
むちゅうdaze, (in a) trance, ecstasy
いだいgreatness
きみょうstrange, queer, curious
おだやかcalm, gentle, quiet
みつdense, thick, crowded
調じゅんちょうfavourable, doing well, O.K.
こうかhigh price
きゅうそくrapid (e.g. progress)
やっかいtrouble, burden, care
ゆうのうable, capable, efficient
only, merely, a little
きゅうげきsudden, precipitous, radical
おんだんwarmth
まっかdeep red, flushed (of face)
退たいくつtedium, boredom
きのどくpitiful, a pity
ばくだいenormous, vast
せいけつclean
てきどmoderate
ゆかいpleasant, happy
ようきseason, weather, cheerfulness
よぶんextra, excess, surplus
きようskillful, handy
そまつcrude, rough, plain
たいらflatness, level, smooth
りこうclever, shrewd, bright
unfortunately, Sorry, but...
poor, pitiable, pathetic
handsome
selfishness, egoism, wilfulness

Adverbs (83)

WordReadingMeaning
other (esp. places and things)
すこしもanything of, not one bit
ぜったいabsolute, unconditional, absoluteness
やくapproximately, about, some
まったくreally, truly, entirely
おもにmainly, primarily
じじつfact, truth, reality
けっきょくafter all, eventually
つねにalways, constantly
already, too late
きゅうにswiftly, rapidly, quickly
べつに(not) particularly, nothing
いったいone object, one body, what on earth?
furthermore, again, after all
why?, What for?
ふたたびagain, once more, a second time
sharing with, participate in
たしょうmore or less, somewhat, a little
suddenly, casually, accidentally
quite, very
たんにsimply, merely, only
ほうぼうpersons, this and that, here and there
じつにindeed, truly, surely
almost, roughly, approximately
つぎつぎin succession, one by one
おもわずunintentional, spontaneous
しょうしょうjust a minute, small quantity
かならずしも(not) always, (not) necessarily, (not) all
おおいにvery, much, greatly
finally, at last
ただちにat once, immediately, directly
at the most, at best, to the utmost
いっそうmuch more, still more, all the more
so
ちかごろlately, recently, nowadays
immediately, readily, directly
rather, better, instead
いまにもat any time, soon
so to speak
casually, unexpectedly, accidentally
めったにrarely (with neg. verb), seldom
いまにbefore long, even now
どうかcopper coin
to that extent, to that degree
sometime, someday, one day
(at) any time, always, at all times
forever, for good, eternally
perhaps
about, roughly, as a rule
considerably, fairly, quite
precisely, accurately
sound asleep, fast asleep
so, like this, in this way
roughly, in round numbers
feeling refreshed, feeling relieved, neat
frequently, repeatedly, incessantly
fixedly, firmly, patiently
consecutively, throughout, a lot
all, altogether, entirely
face of the earth
without change, as it is (i.e. now)
each, every, either
full, in plenty, ample
often, repeatedly, frequently
perfectly, properly, exactly
in short, in brief, in other words
anyhow, at any rate, anyway
how, how much
smile sweetly, smile, grin
carefree, at leisure
with a clash (thud), with a bang, plump
exactly, neatly, sharp
absent-minded, block-head, dim
(female) you might say
correctly, surely
increasingly, more and more
quite, entirely, completely
if
before long, soon, at length
on purpose
ひとりひとりone by one, each, one at a time
いちどにall at once
じょじょにslowly, little by little, gradually

Expressions, pronouns, numbers and function words (76)

WordReadingMeaning
なにかsomething
dividing, part
だいlarge, big, great
じょうfirst volume, superior quality, governmental
すうnumber, figure
らい, for (10 days), next (year)
おとこのひとman
おまえ(fam) you (sing), presence (of a high personage)
family name, lineage, birth
ぜんall, whole, entire
ちがいない(phrase) sure, no mistaking it, for certain
じつはas a matter of fact, by the way
un, non, negative prefix
un, non, negative prefix
しだいorder, precedence, circumstances
われわれwe
somehow, anyhow, one way or another
よのなかsociety, the world, the times
たんなるmere, simple, sheer
かみのけhair (head)
たいしたconsiderable, great, important
no, the noes
well, properly, suitably
ようするにin a word, after all, the point is ..
おめにかかるto meet (someone of higher status)
therefore, consequently, in accordance with
きにいるto be pleased with, to suit
さくlast (year), yesterday
here and there
all, every
(conj, exp, int) Thank you
a certain..., some..
or, possibly
must not do, bad, wrong
where, which, who
expression of gratitude before meals
welcome
the so-called, so to speak
honourable
congratulations!, an auspicious occasion!
parents
may, might, perhaps
gland, grand, (electrical) ground
I beg your pardon, excuse me
these
hello, good day (daytime greeting, id)
well, now, then
moreover, furthermore, nevertheless
damn it!
that is, namely, i.e
sorry, excuse me
so (conj), accordingly, now
eventually, sooner or later, of the previously mentioned
but (still), and yet, nevertheless
and then, in addition to that, also
or, or else
but, however, (and) yet
however
free of charge, mere, sole
but, because, even
intolerable, unbearable, unendurable
if possible
therefore
by all means, at any cost, no matter what
however, while, even if
by the way, even if, no matter what
what, what kind of
because
by all means, everything
no
yes, indeed, well
by no means
quite right, plausible, natural
a little, partially, somewhat
なにもnothing
きゅうex-

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Unofficial lists by Jonathan Waller (tanos.co.uk, CC BY), cleaned up for this site: modern spellings, duplicates and mismatched homophones removed. Meanings: Jonathan Waller and JMdict (EDRDG, CC BY-SA 4.0), reviewed for N5 and N4.